![]() ![]() Migraines can also be associated with different syndromes like somnambulism, cyclic vomiting, abdominal migraine, benign paroxysmal vertigo, benign paroxysmal torticollis and confusional migraine, which have different clinical presentations, duration and prevalence ( 3). Migraines can be placed into two categories, which are resistant migraines (i.e., “having failed at least 3 classes of migraine preventatives and suffer from at least 8 debilitating headache days per month for at least 3 consecutive months without improvement”) and refractory migraines (i.e., “having failed all of the available preventatives and suffer from at least 8 debilitating headache days per month for at least 6 consecutive months”) ( 2). Migraine is defined as “an episodic headache associated with certain features, such as sensitivity to light, sound, or movement” or “a recurring syndrome of headache associated with other symptoms of neurologic dysfunction in varying admixtures” ( 1). This review presents a comprehensive review of the most up-to-date literature on the epidemiology, and risk factors, as well as highlighting the gaps in our knowledge. The complex and largely unclear mechanisms of migraine development have resulted in the proposal of various social and biological risk factors, such as hormonal imbalances, genetic and epigenetic influences, as well as cardiovascular, neurological, and autoimmune diseases. Migraine is associated with a wide range of comorbidities, which range from stress and sleep disturbances to suicide. Migraine affects more than one billion individuals each year across the world, and is one of the most common neurologic disorders, with a high prevalence and morbidity, especially among young adults and females. 12Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.11Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.10Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.9Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.8Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus.7Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.6Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. ![]() 5Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.4Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.3School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2Research Deputy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.1Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Sullman 8,9 Ali-Asghar Kolahi 10 * Saeid Safiri 11,12 * Parastoo Amiri 1,2 Somayeh Kazeminasab 1,2 Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi 3,4 Reza Mohammadinasab 5 Hojjat Pourfathi 6 Mostafa Araj-Khodaei 1,7 Mark J. ![]()
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